Carrera de Indias (colonial convoy system):bullion from colonies, merchandise from Spain (often from N. Europe): (Burkholder and Johnson, p. 144)

• 17th c. decline1600-: 6,573 ships1650-: 1,835

• Intrusions: Dutch (1590) English (1655) French (1665)

• End of great fleets (1748, 1776)

• Opening of ports (1764, 1778)

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